“新美联储通讯社”:鲍威尔的大问题变得更加复杂

华尔街见闻Publicado a 2023-06-14Actualizado a 2023-06-14

Resumen

鲍威尔发现自己处在一个任何央行行长都不想去的处境:一方面必须努力避免信贷紧缩,这需要更宽松的货币政策;同时又要对抗高通胀,这需要收紧货币政策。

6月12日周一,被视为“美联储喉舌”、有“新美联储通讯社”之称的华尔街日报记者Nick Timiraos发文认为,当前美联储主席鲍威尔面临的局面更加复杂。

Timiraos说:

鲍威尔发现自己处在一个任何央行行长都不想去的处境:一方面必须努力避免信贷紧缩,这需要更宽松的货币政策;同时又要对抗高通胀,这需要收紧货币政策。

今年春天,随着三家区域性银行的倒闭,美国银行业面临压力,这也是为什么一些美联储官员倾向于在本周的议息会议上维持利率不变——尽管经济和通胀的放缓幅度尚未达到美联储期望的幅度。

Timiraos分析称,美联储官员认为经济危机并不是迫在眉睫的威胁,他们将最近三家银行的倒闭归咎于这三家银行的自身特质。但现任和前任美联储主席都表示,如果压力恶化,美联储将面临更艰难的权衡取舍——鲍威尔和他的同事们将不得不在关注倒闭的银行或高通胀之间做出选择。

印度储备银行前行长Raghuram Rajan说:

美联储进退两难。这是一个非常、非常艰难的局面,如果美联储大幅提高利率并给银行施加更大的压力,他们会挨骂;但如果美联储不这样做,他们也会挨骂。

Timiraos认为,当前美联储面临的一个风险是时机:如果通货膨胀在公众心理中根深蒂固并自我延续,这可能会迫使美联储将短期利率维持在较高水平更长的时间。

明尼阿波利斯联储主席Neel Kashkari上个月表示:

如果通胀迅速下降,我们可能能够降息,如果不是今年,那么很快就会在新的一年里降息。但另一方面,如果通胀更加持久和根深蒂固,那么我认为银行业的压力可能会变得更加严重。

鲍威尔的艰难选择题

Timiraos认为,当下的时机,可能令美国的经济增长、美联储的信誉和鲍威尔的遗产都受到威胁。鲍威尔被任命连任美联储主席,部分原因在于他在国会中的声望,他在2020年对新冠疫情冲击的迅速反应赢得了两党的赞誉。

但在过去两年,鲍威尔的声誉在美国政界下降:首先,美联储严重误判了通胀;其次,美联储在银行监管方面的表现受到抨击。

在新冠疫情期间,美联储表示计划将利率维持在非常低的水平多年,并购买了数万亿美元的债券以刺激额外借贷,政府也向经济注入了额外的刺激措施。这些举措在2021年为银行注入了大量存款。

但随着去年通货膨胀率达到9%,鲍威尔领导下的美联储加快了加息步伐,他们希望尽快遏制通胀。与此同时,作为银行监管机构之一的美联储没有迅速发现利率上升如何造成一些银行的资产与负债之间的危险错配——而这引发了3月份硅谷银行等银行的倒闭。

但由于通胀仍然过高,美联储于3月和5月再次上调利率。

虽然美联储推出的紧急贷款工具阻止了其他银行挤兑,但它们可能无法解决一些区域性和中型银行的根本问题,如果更高的利率迫使它们为客户存款支付更高利息,这些银行的长期生存能力就会受到威胁。

Timiraos认为,信贷紧缩最初可以通过减缓经济和缓解价格压力来帮助美联储,但信贷增长放缓很容易失控。Timiraos比喻称:

在这种情况下继续提高利率就像反复敲打番茄酱瓶一样——一开始什么都没有出来,然后整个瓶子突然就空了。

据Bankrate.com的统计,几家银行一直在宣传利率在4%到5%之间的高收益储蓄账户,远高于传统储蓄账户0.25%的全美平均存款利率。Timiraos担忧的是,未来会有更多银行也推出这类产品,这样一来,美国不少银行的生存能力将受到挑战。

Timiraos担心,随着经济放缓和违约率上升,更多问题可能会暴露出来,其中之一就是商业地产的危机。他说,由于远程工作减少了对商业地产的需求,写字楼的贷款价值大幅下跌,当前是十分脆弱的资产。

前达拉斯联储主席Robert Kaplan表示,即使银行业问题似乎已经解决:

依然会有银行倒闭,其中一些依然会被合并。

Timiraos认为,任何贷款下滑对小企业的打击都可能比大企业更严重,因为大企业对银行贷款的依赖程度较低。

美联储6月是否加息仍有分歧

尽管从过去一年多的经验来看,今年春季强劲的通胀、就业增长和消费者支出会促使美联储官员在本周的会议上决定继续加息,但Timiraos认为,银行业压力可能导致的贷款萎缩提供了推迟加息的理由。

鲍威尔在5月19日表示:

我们的工具可以有不同的目标,但它们的效果往往并不完全独立……因为金融和宏观经济稳定紧密地交织在一起。

美联储官员表示,即使他们本周放弃加息,他们也可以在以后的会议上继续加息,暂停加息一次将使他们有更多时间评估经济活动和银行业状况是否如他们预期的那样发展。

美联储官员对本周是否加息存在分歧。一些人担心经济放缓的幅度不够大,也没有那么担心银行业的问题;其他人则更担心如果银行业危机恶化,加息幅度会过大并被迫掉头降息。

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