加密政策应赋予建设者权力,而非投机者

深潮Published on 2024-09-09Last updated on 2024-09-09

投机只是短暂的机会,不做出改变就会被吞噬。

撰文:Christian Catalini、Jai Massari、Rebecca Rettig

编译:Block unicorn

如果美国想要在加密货币、人工智能以及其他尖端技术领域领跑,它需要制定明确的规则,承认这些创新能够为经济带来的价值,尤其是通过恢复科技行业的竞争力。不幸的是,两位总统候选人似乎都没有意识到这一点。

剑桥——加密货币行业正在全力投入今年 11 月的美国总统选举,投入数亿美元以支持可能推动合理监管的候选人。然而,尽管有如此巨大的投资——这个周期内该行业已成为资金来源最多的部门——两位候选人将如何处理这一问题并优先支持建设者而非投机者仍然不明朗。

普通观察者可能听说过,共和党候选人、前总统唐纳德·特朗普已经站出来支持这一事业。在最近的一次比特币会议上,他承诺将使美国成为「全球加密货币之都」,建立比特币战略储备,并接受稳定币的应用。现场观众对此反应热烈。然而,特朗普这种激进宣传强调了该行业面临的最大挑战:长期以来,想利用该技术进行金融投机的人主导了政策辩论,而那些真正想用它来构建某些实质性成果的人却被边缘化。

民主党候选人、副总统卡马拉·哈里斯在这个话题上基本保持沉默,但现在她有机会提出对金融创新更加深思熟虑、进步的政策。加密货币政策与人工智能政策一样,基本上是关于创新和国家竞争力的。要使美国在这一战略领域成为领导者,下一届政府首先必须更换当前一批敌视加密货币的金融监管者,特别是证券交易委员会主席加里·根斯勒,他一直拒绝与该行业进行有意义的对话。

但仅仅任命对快速获利心态更加同情的监管者也不会有所改善。加密货币的最大优势——它能够激励开放网络的建设——同时也是它最大的负担。就像 19 世纪铁路狂热一样,加密货币推动了有价值的新基础设施的建设,但也被一些不负责任的人用来进行骗局和欺诈——SBF(FTX 创始人)就是一个典型例子,他知道如何在现有不完善的监管框架内玩转游戏。

那些仅从事投机甚至直接进行诈骗的企业从当前的监管混乱中获益最多。更糟糕的是,许多主动倡导监管或试图与监管机构合作的人却遭到执法行动的打击,导致他们失去了获得必要银行服务的渠道。

监管者通常缺乏调整现有规则以适应新技术的动力,而现有利益相关者往往给予他们维持现状的理由。在加密货币领域,对犯罪行为的问责来得太晚,甚至根本没有落实,导致消费者蒙受损失。在缺乏明确监管的情况下,拥有既定业务或需要银行服务的市场参与者往往不愿探索这项技术,不论其潜力如何。结果是,一个鼓励鲁莽和欺诈的系统正在形成,而那些希望改进支付系统、改革金融行业、保护数据隐私或解决科技巨头市场垄断问题的创新者却被阻碍。

周全的加密货币监管需要的不仅仅是特朗普的迎合,这个问题远不止加密货币。如果美国要在人工智能、国防和其他领域保持领先地位,它需要制定认可这些创新密集型行业为整体经济带来巨大价值的规则,尤其是通过恢复竞争。这是一项复杂的任务,成功不仅仅依赖于讨好比特币的极端支持者或简单地允许稳定币存在。

考虑到特朗普提出的让美国政府持有比特币作为战略资产的建议,虽然这显然会利好比特币的价格,但却无法看出它如何服务于国家利益。相反,联邦政府应该将基于区块链的网络视为关键基础设施,类似于 5G。

政府也不应该盲目支持国内的比特币挖矿,而不鼓励利用可再生能源和滞留能源的方式,或者为越来越脆弱的电网提供支持(正如在德克萨斯州所见)。监管应考虑比特币挖矿和芯片制造如何为国家安全做出贡献,同时确保对环境的影响最小化。

在他于纳什维尔的演讲中,特朗普指责拜登政府针对加密货币企业与银行的关系。但真正的问题是一个使银行难以安全参与加密货币业务的监管和监督环境。许多银行认识到数字支付和资产将在金融体系中发挥重要作用,但它们受到像《员工会计公告第 121 号》(SAB 121)这样不合理的规定的限制,该规定对企业施加了惩罚性的会计标准,使其无法与美国证券交易委员会的工作人员私下探讨例外情况。

特朗普还承诺支持稳定币以加强美元的主导地位。但同样,这个问题比看起来要复杂得多。为了防止市场像信用卡行业一样过于集中,美国需要促进稳定币发行的竞争环境。主导的用例不应是美元化,因为这一目标可能会削弱资本管制、破坏新兴经济体的稳定并削弱制裁的效力。相反,立法应确保稳定币成为一种安全的支付手段,支持即时的全球交易。

实现这一愿景需要一个强有力的合规框架。目前的稳定币发行方要么不知道,要么不愿意知道他们的数字美元是否被制裁国家或犯罪分子持有,但这种危险的盲点是主流采用的主要障碍。加密货币企业家需要开发创新的解决方案,解决身份识别和合规挑战,但在这些领域的进展迄今为止非常有限。新规需要加强激励措施,促使私营部门承担起艰苦的工作。

归根结底,华盛顿的政策制定者必须团结起来,制定新的规则,而不是试图将加密货币的使用案例套用到近百年前的法律中。同时,行业自身也需要解决传统金融服务和加密货币领导者长期忽视的众多问题。一个周全的加密货币政策应优先考虑建设者,而不是投机者。其潜力,就像互联网早期一样,是能够让长期缺乏竞争的行业重新焕发活力。

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